CELLULAR FORMS OF LIFE. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Abstract

This article presents a scientific review of the structure, biological characteristics, and medical significance of prokaryotic cells as one of the cellular forms of life. Although prokaryotes are defined as cells lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, their internal organization is shown to be highly functional and evolutionarily refined. The article consistently explains the general features of bacteria and archaea, as well as the structure and functions of the nucleoid, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, capsule, plasmids, pili, and flagella. It also discusses the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, reproduction by binary fission, horizontal gene transfer, and the cellular basis of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. The analysis demonstrates that prokaryotic cells are distinguished not by simplicity, but by compact and efficient organization. Their membranes are responsible for energy metabolism, whereas the cell wall provides mechanical protection and preserves cellular shape. A deep understanding of this topic helps students of dentistry and medicine gain an integrated view of microbiology, infectious processes, antisepsis, antibiotic therapy, and biotechnological processes.