EVALUATION OF DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE LUMBAR AND CERVICAL SPINE USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: A CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Keywords:
cervical spine degeneration, lumbar spine pathology, MRI diagnostics, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, Modic changes, radiculopathy.Abstract
Degenerative changes of the lumbar and cervical spine represent a major cause of chronic pain, disability, and reduced quality of life worldwide. With increasing life expectancy and sedentary lifestyles, the prevalence of spinal degeneration continues to rise, placing a significant burden on healthcare systems. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the gold standard modality for assessing intervertebral disc pathology, vertebral endplate changes, spinal canal stenosis, and neural compression. This study provides a comprehensive clinical and morphological analysis of degenerative alterations in the lumbar and cervical spine based on contemporary theoretical frameworks, published research findings, and statistical data. The aim of this article is to systematize current scientific knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, radiological characteristics, and clinical correlations of degenerative spinal disease as visualized by MRI. Epidemiological data indicate that radiological signs of disc degeneration are present in up to 60–80% of individuals over 50 years of age, although not all cases are symptomatic. Morphological findings such as disc desiccation, annular fissures, protrusion, extrusion, Modic endplate changes, and facet joint arthropathy demonstrate variable clinical significance depending on severity and neural involvement. The results synthesized from clinical studies and dissertation research suggest a moderate-to-strong correlation between advanced MRI changes and neurological deficits, particularly in cases of foraminal stenosis and spinal cord compression. However, early degenerative changes may remain clinically silent. This article highlights the importance of integrated clinical and imaging assessment, emphasizing MRI’s role in differential diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and treatment planning.
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