PINEAL GLAND.
Keywords:
endocrine glands, pineal gland, pineal, central nervous system, rhythm, melatonin, hormone, biological clock, hormone.Abstract
The pineal gland is an important neuroendocrine structure of the central nervous system, located in the epithalamus of the brain and playing a leading role in regulating the biological rhythms of the body. The main secretory product of this gland is the hormone melatonin, which is involved in synchronizing circadian rhythms, regulating the sleep-wake cycle, supporting the immune system, and enhancing antioxidant defenses. The pineal gland is sensitive to light and darkness, and melatonin secretion is controlled based on signals coming from the retina: melatonin production increases in the dark, and decreases in the light. This process occurs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and coordinates the body's internal "biological clock". This article provides a comprehensive scientific analysis of the anatomical structure, histological features, physiological functions, and pathological conditions of the pineal gland and highlights modern views on its important role in the body
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