MULTIORGAN COMPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS DEVELOPING DURING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
Keywords:
myocardial infarction, systemic complications, multiorgan dysfunction, inflammation, renal injury, cerebral disorders, pulmonary complications.Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the most critical cardiovascular emergencies and represents a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Although myocardial necrosis is the primary pathological event, the consequences of MI extend beyond the heart and frequently involve multiple organ systems. This article analyzes the development of extracardiac complications and secondary disorders occurring during myocardial infarction through the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, neurohumoral activation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired tissue perfusion. Acute myocardial injury can contribute to renal dysfunction, cerebral complications, pulmonary abnormalities, gastrointestinal disturbances, hematological changes, and metabolic disorders. Epidemiological data demonstrate that a significant proportion of patients hospitalized with MI develop at least one non-cardiac complication, which substantially influences prognosis and long-term survival. Understanding the interaction between myocardial injury and other organs is essential for improving diagnostic approaches, optimizing treatment strategies, and reducing mortality. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive management of MI patients by considering both cardiac and systemic pathological changes.
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