THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

Abstract

This article examines the historical origins and development of education and the teaching profession in ancient civilizations. The study analyzes the evolution of pedagogical activity from primitive communal society to organized educational systems in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Particular attention is given to the emergence of early educational institutions, methods of instruction, teacher-student relationships, and the social role of educators in different cultural contexts. The article highlights how education gradually transformed from practical survival training into a specialized social institution aimed not only at transmitting knowledge and professional skills but also at shaping moral and spiritual values. The educational traditions of ancient civilizations are explored through the activities of Mesopotamian edubbas, Egyptian temple schools, Indian gurukulas and Vedic institutions, and Chinese educational centers influenced by Confucian philosophy. The study demonstrates that despite cultural differences, all ancient civilizations recognized the high social status of teachers and emphasized the importance of moral upbringing alongside intellectual development. The article concludes that the pedagogical heritage of ancient civilizations laid the foundation for the modern educational process and continues to influence contemporary pedagogical thought and practice.