CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS LEADING TO PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN NEWBORN INFANTS: INCIDENCE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS.

Abstract

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the most prevalent form of congenital anomalies in newborn infants, occurring in approximately 8-10 per 1000 live births globally. Among the various complications of CHDs, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most significant and potentially life-threatening conditions. This comprehensive review examines the incidence, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and contemporary management strategies for CHD-related pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal population. Our analysis reveals that approximately 25-50% of patients with significant left-to-right shunting lesions develop pulmonary hypertension, with even higher rates in more complex defects. The incidence varies significantly based on the type of defect, with patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) being the most common CHDs associated with secondary pulmonary hypertension. Key findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized management protocols that may include pharmacological interventions, surgical correction, and supportive care strategies. This review aims to provide medical students and junior healthcare professionals with comprehensive knowledge regarding this critical pediatric cardiovascular condition.